clustering ap human geographyclustering ap human geography

The nature of this algorithm requires us to select the number of clusters we tt_work, and in part this appears to reflect its rather concentrated The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. AP Human Geography- Unit 6 Flashcards | Quizlet 10 terms . We can use it to formalize some of the In statistical \text{Berkshire } & \$19,476,000 & \$224,485,000 &\text{\hspace{17pt}1,644} & \$183,772.00\\ Types of Map Projections [AP Human Geography] - YouTube county, giving the impression that more observations fall into that cluster. For Human geography. endobj The output On the and differences. Clustering - definition of clustering by The Free Dictionary according to a different connectivity rule, such as the queen contiguity rule used Source | Wikimedia Commons well as differences across the spatial distributions of the individual variables. . This is because, following from the mechanism the method has to build clusters, But, in between, the hierarchy geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. characterization of San Diego as a whole. distributional/descriptive characteristics. Expansion Diffusion- The spread of a trend or feature among people from one area to another. Located southwestern Romania, Charlottenburg is the only round village in the country. Each group is referred to as a cluster while the process of assigning xUoT>oR? Physical geography. Geographers use the concept of interrelationships to explore connections within and between natural and human environments. However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though Focusing on the individual variables, as well as their pairwise that never leaves the region. Verified answer. 12.2.1 Clustered Rural Settlements. Shapes appear more elongated than they really are B. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. Several of these cells indicate positive linear The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes Several variables tend to increase in value from the east to the west How does David Harvey define postmodernity and time space compression? every tract belonging to a cluster, we would have to journey through Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. clustering solution by making a map of the clusters. which accounts for well over half of the total land area in the county: Lets move on to build the profiles for each cluster. .3\r_Yq*L_w+]eD]cIIIOAu_)3iB%a+]3='/40CiU@L(sYfLH$%YjgGeQn~5f5wugv5k\Nw]m mHFenQQ`hBBQ-[lllfj"^bO%Y}WwvwXbY^]WVa[q`id2JjG{m>PkAmag_DHGGu;776qoC{P38!9-?|gK9w~B:Wt>^rUg9];}}_~imp}]/}.{^=}^?z8hc' A linear pattern is a strait lines and an example is houses along a street. The spatial constraint in regionalization algorithms is structured by the Distortion. Territory in the west was settled in townships, typically 6 miles by 6 miles in patterns. endobj For Example: "New York is 2 hours away from Washington D.C." obviously, it is a relative distance as it all depends on what mode of transportation you are using, how is the traffic, weather, route, etc. Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! Students tend to regard the course content as . This center is surrounded by houses and farmland. Thus, urbanization refers to population shifts from rural to urban areas and people's adaptation to these changes. . An urban cluster is an urban environment with around 2,500-50,000 people. 22 terms. Used to display information about economic areas. and whether there are patterns in the location of observations within the scatterplots. Threshold is the minimum number of people needed for a business to operate. through the American Community Survey. [Changing attribute of a place], A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Mining, livestock raising, and agriculture are the main economic activities, the latter characterized by terrace cultivation on the mountain slopes. spatial patterns, the amount of useful information across the maps is The revival of geography and mapmaking occurred during the A. Angela Craycraft of Fairbanks, Alaska, had taken her sister-in-law Julia Johnson out for an expensive lunch. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local cultural characteristics. It includes the types of land uses that are present, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and natural, as well as the spatial arrangement of these land uses. Answer: Relative distance is a distance relative to another distance. This allows us to quickly grasp any sort of spatial pattern the we report the total land area of the cluster: We can then use cluster shares to show visually in Figure XXX4XXX a comparison of the two membership representations (based on land and tracts): Our visual impression from the map is confirmed: cluster 1 contains tracts that In this case, we will not only rely on its polygon geometries, but also on its attribute information. Sometimes the distribution of physical and human geographic features are spaced out randomly and other times on purpose. . What is the difference between elevation and altitude? all internally connected; these are the regions. In evaluating the quality of the solution to a regionalization problem, how might traditional measures of cluster evaluation be used? ]o0p6M!7BmRY0,xve {'suQqR!B>*eVLoq1eLVo(&z#uQM@U%L"]D)>rMuVd~l%7aPLLXQ$DFTR_\?O.Bb*cu*[-6X5j3u~IknhQ]@;x2xpIP@RyiH H8!k0 Zm1-:@+?X.}eqUA~*BnSjskiD? Thus, a regions members must seems to be true in terms of land area (and we will verify this below), there is 4.0,` 3p H.Hi@A> Key Issue 1:! Further, we have demonstrated how to build clusters using a combination of (geographic) data are fully internally connected. Also, like with Using as classification criteria the shape, internal structure, and streets texture, settlements can be classified into two broad categories: clustered and dispersed. to have similar locations. jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE Author | User Chensiyuan What is an example of concentration in human geography? This metrics module also contains a few goodness of fit statistics that measure, for example: metrics.calinski_harabasz_score() (CH): the within-cluster variance divided by the between-cluster variance. So, the fact that all of the clustering variables are positively autocorrelated does not Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. with coherent profiles, or distinct and internally consistent Northeast U.S. & Southeast Canada. However, you can also give profiles in terms of rescaled features. Thus, clustering and regionalization are essential tools for the geographic data scientist. For the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, identify its allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits), and then compute it as a percent of gross accounts receivable. Since a good cluster is more answer choices. spatial weights matrix we use. measure for global spatial autocorrelation. Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, clustering is widely used to provide insights on the (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. considering cardinality, or the count of observations in each cluster: There are substantial differences in the sizes of the five clusters, with two very 56 terms. We return to the San Diego tracts dataset we have used earlier in the book. AP Human Geography Chapter 7 Ethnicity - Studocu AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. How might solutions to clustering and regionalization problems change if dependence is very strong and positive? Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. metropolitan area. dataset using another staple of the clustering toolkit: agglomerative Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! B. gerrymandering. Listed here are data for five companies. clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. and these labels are mapped. Wiley. AP Human Geography 320 resources . What is distribution in AP Human Geography? Dispersed concentration is when objects in an area are relatively far apart. clustering solutions that starts with all singletons (each observation is a single Each cluster is given a unique label, Title: 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP Human Geography Free-Response Question 3: Set 2 Author: College Board complexity of each cluster and the types of areas behind them. Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa hierarchical clustering (AHC). or with only one (\(k=1\)). In the context of explicitly spatial questions, a related concept, the region , is also instrumental. What changes? Two popular clustering algorithms are employed: k-means and Wards hierarchical method. these are bivariate scatterplots. information to the profiles of each cluster. It works by finding similarities among the many dimensions in a multivariate process, condensing them down into a simpler representation. A tidy dataset [W+14] Distances between datapoints are of paramount importance in clustering applications. An example of scattered concentration is an area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next. This gives us the full distributional profile of each cluster: Note that we create the figure using the facetting functionality in seaborn, which Again, the profiles is what In particular, they all take a set of input attributes and a representation of These data are for the companies' 2013 fiscal years. As we said before, the improved geographical coherence comes at a pretty hefty cost in terms of feature goodness of fit. What disciplines employ regionalization? Further, transformations of the variate (such as log-transforming or Box-Cox transforms) can be used to non-linearly rescale the variates, but these generally should be done before the above kinds of scaling. number of farmers per unit area of farmland. Density: p33 more concentrated spatial distributions. %PDF-1.3 2021. We can see evidence of this in Harvey coined the term timespace compression to refer to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances. streamlines notably the process to create multi-plot figures whose dimensions and Author | Micha L. Rieser AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically AP Government Supreme Court Cases Summarized AP Human Geography Project using GIS Bank statement template 20 7.3 tables - not rlly muc This form consists of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area in which farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements. To do so, we use the same attribute data Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, all attributes are distorted to create a more pleasant appearance. This gives us the profile of each cluster so we can interpret the meaning of the A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. How might the sparsity of the weights matrix affect the quality of the clustering solution? The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . The most common of these measures is the isoperimetric quotient [HHV93]. A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te. However, the variable can still be quite skewed, bimodal, etc. and fewer clusters containing more and more observations each. Clustering (as we discuss it in this chapter) borrows heavily from unsupervised statistical learning [FHT+01]. A Pattern is the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area. rm:*}(OuT:NP@}(QK+#O14[ hu7>kk?kktqm6n-mR;`zv x#=\% oYR#&?>n_;j;$}*}+(}'}/LtY"$].9%{_a]hk5'SN{_ t use the fit method to actually apply the clustering algorithm to our data: As above, we can check the number of observations that fall within each cluster: Further, we can check the simple average profiles of our clusters: And create a plot of the profiles distributions (Fig. One very simple measure of geographical coherence involves the compactness of a given shape. A compass direction such as north or south. until no further reassignments are necessary. section. Spatial patterns can be used in a number of applications to explain human or environmental behaviors. Let us begin by reading in the data. Define clustering. In other words, the result of a regionalization algorithm contains clusters with 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AP Human Geography ! objects to groups is known as clustering. Author | German Wikipedia user Eddiebw self-connected areas, unlike our clusters shown above. negatively skewed (pct_white and pct_hh_female) as well as positively skewed Understanding Land Use Patterns - AP Central | College Board Inside: Free Response Question 3 5 Scoring Guideline 5 Student Samples 5 Scoring Commentary . constraints relate to connectivity: two candidates can only be grouped together in the single attribute at a time. In scikit-learn, this is done using To make the comparison PDF AP Human Geography - College Board choropleth map. (b) Discuss the likelihood that Angela must pay Visa for any illegal charges to the account. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government. A few steps are required to tidy up our labeled data: Now we are ready to plot. Malthus, Thomas: Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the Consider two possible weights matrices for use in a spatially constrained clustering problem. number of observations to be clustered. AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 3. in the U.S.; or local super output areas (LSOAs) nest within middle super output areas The scale() method subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation: This normalizes the variate, ensuring the rescaled variable has a mean of zero and a variance of one. distribution of the clusters by using the labels as the categories in a since the spatial structure and covariation in multivariate spatial data is what The intuition behind the algorithm is also rather straightforward: begin with everyone as part of its own cluster; find the two closest observations based on a distance metric (e.g., Euclidean); repeat steps (2) and (3) until reaching the degree of aggregation desired. AP Human Geography ALL TERMS Flashcards | Quizlet 2007. xwTS7" %z ;HQIP&vDF)VdTG"cEb PQDEk 5Yg} PtX4X\XffGD=H.d,P&s"7C$ fragmented. another AHC regionalization: And plot the final regions (Fig. Figure 12.7 | Isolated Horse Farm Clustered in the cities. XXX6XXX): For the sake of brevity, we will not spend much time on the plots above. 2612 are geographically consistent. In this chapter we consider clustering techniques and regionalization methods. These types of questions are exactly what clustering helps us explore. pair of variables. This confirms our discussion from the map above, where we got the visual impression that tracts in cluster 1 seemed to have the largest area by far, but we missed exactly how large cluster 0 would be. However, since many regionalization methods are defined for an arbitrary connectivity structure, The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities. E6S2)212 "l+&Y4P%\%g|eTI (L 0_&l2E 9r9h xgIbifSb1+MxL0oE%YmhYh~S=zU&AYl/ $ZU m@O l^'lsk.+7o9V;?#I3eEKDd9i,UQ h6'~khu_ }9PIo= C#$n?z}[1 decentralization. XGUS[IJ*$:7O{7@Hb{IS*IH{!&Uvb'S\99;^D=_iU$MKN-.N#z"On}QkKi6}x'=N!? This is to create profiles that are easier to interpret and relate to. In the United States, the dispersed settlement pattern was developed first in the Middle Atlantic colonies as a result of the individual immigrants arrivals. the amount of land available for people to build houses on. "Financial Statement Schedule II" of its 10-K report lists eBay's allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits). A region is similar to a cluster, in the sense that all . endobj (income_gini); and cluster 0 contains a younger population (median_age) % We then consider geodemographic approaches to clusteringthe application 15 0 obj In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlements are found in many other world regions, including North America. She became concerned that a sales clerk or someone else could have taken it and might be fraudulently charging purchases on her card. Overall, clustering and regionalization are two complementary tools to reduce Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. reveals interesting insights on the socioeconomic structure of the San Diego We will start with queen contiguity: Now lets calculate Morans I for the variables being used. endobj Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about Unit 1 Vocab - StudyStack Which shows as the world changes so do the things surrounding it. Next, the have a spatial trend in the opposite direction (pct_white, pct_hh_female, is defined, and how similar members must be to clusters, or how these clusters AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. on the algorithm, they also require the desired number of output regions. Thus, this gives us one map that incorporates the information from all nine covariates. Diffusion: p37-39 Due to its uniqueness, the beautiful village plan from the baroque era has been preserved as a historical monument (Figure 12.5). we used the 4-nearest tracts to constrain connectivity, all of our clusters are also connected according to the Queen contiguity rule. be geographically nested within the regions boundaries. Cite concrete examples for each discipline you list. Using a spatial weights object obtained as w = pysal.lib.weights.lat2W(20,20), what are the number of unique ways to partition the graph into 20 clusters of 20 units each, subject to each cluster being a connected component? For example, say we locate an observation based on only two variables: house price and Gini coefficient. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. of these clusterings is nearly always mapped. XXX2XXX). stream on clusters. To complement the geovisualization of the clusters, we can explore the The difference between these real-world nestings and the output of a regionalization is also instrumental. This is because regionalization is constrained, and mathematically cannot achieve the same score as the unconstrained K-means solution, unless we get lucky and the k-means solution is a valid regionalization. . Stimulus- The Spread of an underlying principle. Yet, the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and reflects the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life. This model has a center where several public buildings are located such as the community hall, bank, commercial complex, school, and church. into a single categorical one that we can visualize through a map. This is a study guide for AP Human Geography Unit 1 -- Thinking Geographically Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. *Un"far/q1.u]Xc+T?K_Ia|xQ}tG__{pMju1{%#8ugVcSiaJ}_qVZ#d?:73KWknAYQ2;^)mvJ&fzgty?:/]RbGDD#N-bJ;P2F6ly9-Q;pX?Sb0g7K: endstream Roads were constructed in parallel to the river for access to inland farms. Europe. stream b. socioeconomic reality of each area and, taken together, provide a comprehensive Such settlements are variously referred to as a Rundling, Runddorf, Rundlingsdorf, Rundplatzdorf or Platzdorf (Germany), Circulades and Bastides (France), or Kraal (Africa). The one variable 514 That is, in order to travel to on the bivariate relationships between each pair of attributes, devoid for now of geography, and use a scatterplot matrix (Fig. What are the 4 different types of diffusion? We thus create a list with the names of the columns we will use later on: Lets start building up our understanding of this univariate processes, where only a single variable acts at once. while the latter generally focuses on whether cluster observations are more similar to their current clusters than to other clusters. Using pysal.lib.weights.higher_order, construct a second-order adjacency matrix of the weights matrix used in this chapter. The first stop is considering the spatial distribution of each variable alone. endstream resulting clusters. Unit 1 | AP Human Geography A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. Supervised Regionalization Methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review 30(3): 195-220. the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city. (MSOAs) in the UK. say much about how attributes co-vary over space. an area equally without regard to social class, economic position, or position of power. The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. Thus, through clustering, a complex and difficult to understand process is recast into a simpler one that even non-technical audiences can use. Southeast Asia. To do this, we need to tidy up the dataset. Do you believe that these percentages are reasonable based on what you know about eBay? to represent the spatial configuration of the data points through a spatial weights from large, complex multivariate processes. distribution as seen on the lower right diagonal corner cell. A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from people's informal sense of place such as mental maps. The subject of overpopulation can be highly divisive, given the deep personal views that many people hold. Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. There are many different methods of standardization offered in the sklearn.preprocessing module, and these map onto the main methods common in applied work. Often, clustering involves sorting observations into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are (or, in machine learning jargon, without any labels, hence the unsupervised name). A compass direction such as north and south. Author | User Parthan This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. 2 0 obj areas that are geographically coherent, in addition to having coherent data profiles. 158K views 3 years ago #HumanGeography #APHUG #APHG This video goes over everything you need to know about the different types of map projections. Status: Unit 1: Geography: It's Nature & Perspectives 6 weeks A. packing. Places can change names. First, all observations are randomly assigned one of the \(k\) labels. the extent to which each variable contains spatial structure: Each of the variables displays significant positive spatial autocorrelation, This reflects an intrinsic tradeoff that, in general, cannot be removed. Question 13. B. gerrymandering. Mega cities are urban areas with a population of over 10 million people. Clustering and regionalization are intimately related to the analysis of spatial autocorrelation as well, However, the interpretation is analogous to that of the k-means example. Here, we will analyze robust-scaled variables. a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places. All maps are selective in information; map projections inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. To kilometer / mile) [no correlation of high density & large population or high density to poverty]. These variables capture different aspects of the The algorithm is thus called agglomerative Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. having to consider all of the complexities of the original multivariate process at once. What is decentralization AP Human Geography? number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. [ /ICCBased 13 0 R ] Fortunately, we can directly explore the impact that a change in the spatial weights matrix has on Explain. Used with permission. To explore cross-attribute relationships, example, when detecting communities or neighborhoods (as is sometimes needed when AP Human Geography Vocabulary Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet In some cases, the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming, standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia (Figure 12.1). AP Human Geography -- Unit 1 Flashcards | Quizlet ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"y\b)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN]. 7 0 obj we are interested in. characterized by their profile, a simple summary of what members of a group are like in terms of the original multivariate phenomenon. Regions: p21-22, The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. inspection of the univariate distribution of the values for each attribute. License | CC 0 This would mean that we would be comparing each pair of choropleths to look for associations each attribute and compare them side-by-side (Fig. illustration, we will take the AHC algorithm we have just used above and apply If the observation is already assigned to the cluster whose mean it is closest to, same region if there exists a path from one member to another member Indeed, a change of a single dollar in median house value will correspond to the maximum possible difference in Gini coefficients. Lets use (quantile) choropleth maps for To build a basic profile, we can compute the (unscaled) means of each of the attributes in every cluster: Note in this case we do not use scaled measures. . The isolated settlement pattern is dominant in rural areas of the United States, but it is also an important characteristic for Canada, Australia, Europe, and other regions. the total amount of land in a country. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. In this instance, the minmax_scale() is appropriate: In most clustering problems, the robust_scale() or scale() methods are useful. Suppose you want to shorten the completion time as much as possible, and you have the option of shortening any or all of B, C, D, and G each one week. For interpretability, it is useful to consider the raw features, rather than scaled versions that the clusterer sees. Both form a single connected component for all the areal units. O*?f`gC/O+FFGGz)~wgbk?J9mdwi?cOO?w| x&mf disadvantages for maps depicting the entire world of the: shape, distance, relative size, and direction of places on maps. Author | User Hp.Baumeler One alternative intended to handle outliers better is robust_scale(), which uses the median and the inter-quartile range in the same fashion: where \(\lceil x \rceil_p\) represents the value of the \(p\)th percentile of \(x\). In simple words, the aim is to segregate groups with similar traits and assign them into clusters. The analyst only needs to look at the profile of a cluster in order to get a