WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. This could facilitate, for example, identification of potentially deleterious gene variants present in the heterozygous state that can be developed into homozygous animal models of specific human diseases, particularly for Mendelian (single gene) diseases. However, there are always difficulties in quickly securing additional support from funding agencies to increase breeding of any given species, since most funding is already committed to support existing breeding colonies and on-going investigations. [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, 2.6 Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research; 3 Current campaigns. Bonnie Mathieson and Jean Patterson (Office of AIDS Research). Michelle Wade, Continuing Education Coordinator. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. Details of these alternative approaches are outside the purview of this review. Kanthaswamy Cox Alternatively, NHP whole genome sequence data could potentially be used to develop tools analogous to the human HapMap (International HapMap consortium 2007), which has been used to identify human genes involved in complex diseases (reviewed by Manolio 2013, 2017). To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. , Locke P. Grimm They point out that NHPs are more similar to humans than are rodents in a number of aspects of energy metabolism, including the major site of de novo lipogenesis (liver vs. adipose tissue), major classes of circulating lipoproteins, and the physiology of thermogenesis and insulin-mediated glucose utilization. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. Domestic breeding colonies of animals, originally of Asian origin, such as rhesus (Macaca mulata), pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques, and NHPs of African origin, baboons (Papio sp.) The New England Anti-Vivisection Society, founded in 1895, works to expose and replace animal experiments in laboratories and classrooms with ethically and F Biomedical Research Projects This contrasts with the situation in Japan, where the marmoset has served as the basis of extensive efforts to develop transgenic animals and appears to be in relatively plentiful supply for domestic researchers (Cyranoski 2014). A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017). , Schlange T, Asadullah K. Reardon The well-established difference in the response of Indian- versus Chinese-origin rhesus macaques to infection by simian immunodeficiency virus is a graphic example of this phenomenon (Harding 2017 and references therein; Van Rompay 2017). Lanford [53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results. Invasive research on chimpanzees is prohibited in Australia and New Zealand. Now the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)the main supporter of chimpanzees maintained for biomedical researchfinds itself facing an incendiary debate over whether it should phase out such studies or breed more animals for future generations of investigators. 2016; Ke et al. Chan NEAVS Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. MA NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. This report contains brief comments on some aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research and concludes: The NIH remains confident that the oversight framework for the use of nonhuman primates in research is robust and has provided sufficient protections to date. A more detailed report published by the Scientific Committee on Health, the Environment and Emerging Risks of the European Union (The SCHEER Report) discusses the same conclusion from the European perspective, and, in addition, provides information about several aspects of the use of NHPs for translational research (SCHEER 2017). NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, JCI Neavs Company Profile | Management and Employees List These prevalent diseases include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and defects in vision, among others. $35 annual membership gives you access to CME events. China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used. Significantly, animal rights activity appears to be aimed at influencing members of the US Congress or the executive branch, who have direct influence over the budgets that are provided by the US government to the funding agencies. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. New England Anti-Vivisection Society - Infogalactic: the Grants from foundations and other nonprofits. There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. S Furthermore, there are a few organizations, such as the Foundation for Biomedical Research (https://fbresearch.org/), that seek to inform the public about medical breakthroughs that have required the use of animals. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. Alternatively, less expensive and less comprehensive approaches can be used, such as exomic sequencing or genotyping-by-sequencing (Bimber et al. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost. BN , Mehra S, Lackner A, Kaushal D. Griffin Nevertheless, there are now several examples of creation of genetically modified monkeys that can be used for translational research. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. Monroe, A.L. In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. Optimal health of animals is also a component of experimental reproducibility. WebRise for Animals is a national animal rights organization on a mission to end animal experimentation in our lifetime. WebThe NADL (later renamed the National Animal Disease Center, or NADC) contained research and regulatory laboratories. The NPRCs and the other large US NHP Centers are a logical choice to champion dialog regarding approaches to multi-center studies related to NHPs and translational research. . Herson, D.W.M. In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. . Biomedical Research Coulston is cited for multiple violations of the As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. Our mission is two-fold: (1) To train the next generation of independent scientists and engineers in an inclusive and fun environment. She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical SD Web (NHPs) . Mustari (2015), Phillips et al. Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. 2016) should increase and contribute to the utility of NHPs for translational research. . Fairly complete draft-level genomic sequences have been published for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, vervets, and marmosets. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program WebMission. In response to the general problem of reproducibility of both basic and preclinical research using animals, the NIH has recently published new requirements for grant applications, which will be part of peer-review and programmatic consideration (Hewitt et al. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. Among other approaches, strategies such as pooling animals and resources from a number of centers for a single NHP-based study lead by multiple, collaborating investigators should be considered. For example, Xue et al. 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. It will be important for the NHP research community to have a discussion with NIH to fully understand expectations for NHP-based grant proposals. In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. Project R&R . As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. This phenomenon, however, is also highly nuanced. K WebNYITCOM Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences Maria Pino, Ph.D., has co-authored a new research paper that makes a strong case for why a golden spice commonly found in curry could enhance ovarian cancer treatments. Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological cancer among women in the United States, with an estimated 20,000 PJ WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. IA [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[10][11] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits. The sudden emergence of a pathogen such as Zika or Ebola virus can cause problems related to supply and demand, since rapid response to these infections often requires use of specific types of animals in excess of plans in place at the time. [50], NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage. . , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki If passed, GAPSCA would retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary and phase out the use of great apes in biomedical research. Cause IQ is a website that helps companies grow, maintain, and serve their nonprofit clients, and helps nonprofits find additional foundation funding. Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research Webbe included when sending NBS cards in for testing. , Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari TA Neavs - Overview, News & Competitors | ZoomInfo.com