(Krkkinen 2003; Netland 2001) The most famous of these has been the view (held by some Christians) that all non-Christians are doomed to an eternity of conscious suffering in hell. The Characteristics of Religious Education Teachers and Respecting On the Plurality of Religious Pluralisms., Long, Jeffery D. Anekanta Vedanta: Towards a Deep Hindu Religious Pluralism., Long, Jeffery D. Universalism in Hinduism., Mawson, T.J. Byrnes religious pluralism., Meeker, Kevin. Many people associate any sort of pluralist theory of religious diversity with a number of arguably good qualities. Even a Mahayana Buddhist may have a lot of adjusting to do, if she is to admit that believers in a personal God really do experience the greatest entity, and something which is not separate from Emptiness. Diversity Guide - Religion and Belief - Equality and Diversity What sense, for instance, would it make for a Zen Buddhist to undergo the Catholic rites of confession and penance? (Smith 2003, 2012). Diversity recognises that everyone is different in a . State University of New York at Fredonia (Neuner and Dupuis 2001, 309-10) It also seems to close the door to non-standard routes to church membership, saying that never was anyone, conceived by a man and a woman, liberated from the devils dominion except by faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. (Tanner 1990, 575) Non-Catholics will go into the everlasting fireunless they are joined to the catholic church before the end of their livesnobody can be saved, no matter how much he has given away in alms and even if has shed his blood in the name of Christ, unless he has persevered in the bosom and the unity of the catholic church. (Tanner 1990, 578), This exclusivistic or rigorist way of understanding the slogan, on which only the Roman Catholic church could provide the cure needed by all humans, was the most common Catholic stance on religious diversity until mid-nineteenth century. They hope that each religion can, while remaining distinct, begin to construct global theologies, influenced by the truths and values of other religions. Nineteenth century popes condemned Enlightenment-inspired theories of religion pluralism about truth and salvation, then called indifferentism, it being, allegedly, indifferent which major religion one chose, since all were of equal value. He applies the Mahayana doctrine of the three bodies of the Buddha to other religions. (Legenhausen 2002). More Empathy Scholars distinguish seven aspects of religious traditions: the doctrinal and philosophical, the mythic and narrative, the ethical and legal, the ritual and practical, the experiential and emotional, the social and organizational, and the material and artistic. All Christians believe that some were saved before Christianity, through Judaism. Protected characteristics | Equality and Human Rights Commission There are other major ones which remain unseen. RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY. Later on, Hick firmly settled on the view that this Real should be thought of as ineffable. It is only modern people who are blinded by the misunderstanding that science reveals all, who have forgotten it. This baptism of desire was officially affirmed by the Roman Catholic Council of Trent in 1547. Water baptism, from the beginning, had been the initiation rite into Christianity, but it was still unclear what church membership strictly required. Further, it is really Creativity that is ultimate, and it is embodied in and does not exist apart from or as an object in addition to God and the Cosmos. While this is compatible with some religion being the best in some other respect(s), the theorists using this label have in mind that many religions are equal regarding the central value(s) of religion. (Peterson et. (Heim 1995, 154-5, 161) This is an important qualifier, as various religious goals clearly presuppose contrary claims. Heim strenuously objects to pluralist theories that they impose uniformity on the various religions. Such an outlook, often called the perennial philosophy or traditionalism, owes much to nineteenth and twentieth century occult literature, and to neo-Platonism and its early modern revivals. Thus Christians, for example, imagine that in prayer they interact with the ultimate, a monotheistic god, but in fact they interact with angels, and perhaps different Christians with different angels. sexual orientation. (Sharma 1990) This modern Hindu outlook has proven difficult to formulate in any clear way. And secondly, we have all the different: Experiences Talents Skills Opinions Personalities These differences, for example employees' talents, are less obvious and require the organization's effort and proactiveness to shine. The basic idea is that the inclusivist grants more of the values in question to religions other than the single best religion more truth, more salvific efficacy, more veridical experience of the objects of religious experience, more genuine moral transformation, and so forth. On this view, all the religions are right to the same degree, that is, all versions of monotheism (or perhaps, ethical monotheisms, or Abrahamic monotheisms). Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl]. (Smith 1992, 2003 ch. A muted ally in this was the influential religious scholar Mircea Eliade (1907-86), whose work focused on comparing mythologies, and on what he viewed as an important, primitive religious outlook, which separates things into the sacred and the profane. It is a mistake, he now holds, to suppose that the personae (that is, Vishnu, Yahweh, Allah, and so on) are angel-like selves. Some theorized, for instance, that a baptism of blood, that is, martyrdom, would be enough to save unbaptized catechumens. Or what sense would it make for an Orthodox Jew, whose religion teaches him to be fruitful and multiply, to employ the Buddhist practice of viewing corpses at a burial ground so as to expunge the unwanted liability of sexual desire? 2013, 333) For instance, if Theravada Buddhism is correct that humans are trapped in the cycle of rebirth by craving and ignorance, even if one goes to a heavenly realm upon death, such as envisaged by non-Buddhist religions, one is still trapped in samsara, in this realm of suffering, albeit at a higher tier. 2; see section 3c below). This perennial philosophy appeals to many present-day people, particularly those who, like Smith, have moved from a childhood religious faith, in his case, Christianity, to a more naturalistic and, hence, atheistic outlook. For example, millennials, GenZers and GenXers can coexist in the same workplace. Following these same steps, our second . Diversity also includes characteristics such as professional skills, working style, location, and life experiences. Perhaps these are the angels, devas, and heavenly Buddhas of the religions, great but nonetheless finite beings. Religious Diversity in the Workplace: Definition & Laws What Is Cultural Diversity And Why Is It Important? - University of the (Dupuis 2000, 91-2). (Netland 2001; Burton 2010). In response to his claims that non-pluralistic religious believers are being arrogant, irrational, or arbitrary in believing that one religion (theirs) is the most true one, it has been pointed out that Hick too, as a religious pluralist, holds views which are inconsistent with many or most religions, seemingly preferring his own insights or experiences to theirs, which would, by Hicks own lights, be just as arrogant, irrational, or arbitrary. Dissenters are found among historians of religion, who deny that there is and has always been a common core in all of the worlds religions. In the Decree for the Copts of the General Council of Florence (1442), a papal bull issued by pope Eugene IV (r. 1431-47), for the first time in an official Roman Catholic doctrinal document the slogan was asserted not only with respect to heretics and schismatics, but also concerning Jews and pagans. These connections between theory and character which are believed by some to provide practical arguments for or objections to various theories need to be argued for. Given that any core pluralism inevitably downplays the other non-core elements of the religions, this approach has also been called reductive pluralism. (Legenhausen 2006), The most influential recent proponent of a version of core pluralism has been Huston Smith. Another, without saying that people may be saved through membership in them, affirms various positive values in other religions, including true teachings, which serve as divinely ordained preparations for reception the gospel. (Stenmark 2009) He does not advocate this view, but explores it as an alternative to exclusivism, inclusivism, and Hickian identist pluralism. Insofar as they in good conscience practice what is good in their religion, people in other religions receive Gods grace and are anonymous Christians, people who are being saved through Christ, though they do not realize it. The formation and development of religious diversity is a manifestation of the free expression of human thought, belief, and practice, as well as a historical premise and ideological condition for the gradual recognition and integration of modern religions into modern political values. Some forms of naive pluralism suppose that all religions will turn out to be complementary. Others find it excessive that Smith accepts other traditional doctrines, such as that Platos Forms are not only real but alive, that in dreaming the subtle body leaves the body and roams free in the intermediate realm, belief in siddhis (supernatural powers gained by meditation), possession by spirits, psychic phenomena, and so on. In contrast, exclusivist approaches say that only one religion is uniquely valuable. In all these ways, they argue that their ultimist pluralism is superior to other pluralisms. This position cannot be self-consistently maintained. Early bishop Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35-107) writes that if any follow a schismatic [that is, the founder of a religious group outside of the bishop-ruled catholic mainstream] they will not inherit the Kingdom of God. (Letter of Ignatius to the Philadelphians 3:3) Leading catholic theologian Origen of Alexandria (c. 186-255) wrote: outside the Church no one is saved. (Dupuis 2001, 86-7) Yet Origen also held, at least tentatively, that eventually all rational beings will be saved. Roy, however, always retained his Hindu and Brahmin identities. But Heims theory does not require them to be, but only that they occur and may be plausibly thought of as fulfilling to those who have them. These objects of religious experience are mind-dependent, in that they depend for their existence, in part, on people with certain religious backgrounds. In this and in a later book Heim asserts that such a plurality of ordained religious goals is implied by the doctrine of the Trinity. Importantly, he construes the various religious goals as experiences obtaining in this life and continuing beyond. This led to both the questioning and the defense of various exclusivist traditional Christian claims. In contrast, each of the various religions claims to have discerned the one fundamental problem facing humans, namely, the problem from which other problems derive. How DIVERSE Are the Religions? - Religion 101 On the other hand, others seem to make little or no sense outside the context of the home religion, and others are simply incompatible. (Legenhausen 2009), The term religious pluralism is almost always used for a theory asserting positive value for many or most religions. There are three serious problems with verificationist pluralism. 1928) and Paul Knitter (b. 3, 3-4). Diversity definition: what do we mean by diversity in the workplace? PDF How would you define diversity? - UNC Gillings School of Global Public Although you may be nervous about broaching the subject, it is important to discuss religious diversity so . In modern times, it tries to equalize other religions in the same ways it equalizes the apparently contrary claims and practices internal to it. Religious diversity definition: The diversity of something is the fact that it contains many very different elements. It is arguably the doctrinal and philosophical aspects of a religion which are foundational, in that the other aspects can only be understood in light of them. Other Buddhists experience Amida Buddha, while Christians experience Christ, and Jews Yahweh, Hindus Isvara, and Muslims Allah. You are protected under the Equality Act 2010 from these types of discrimination. Spiritual and Religious Diversity | Consumer Enablement Guide ), which argues that previous versions of Buddhist teaching were mere expedient means, that is, non-truths taught because in his great wisdom, the Buddha knew that at its then immature stage, humanity would be aided only by those teachings. In reply, Hick urges that his claims are not themselves religious, but are rather about religious matters, and are, as such, philosophical. It is a mistake, Abe holds, to regard any god as ultimate, and monotheists must revise their understanding as above, if true inter-religious dialogue and peace are to be achievable. What do we mean by Race, Ethnicity and Diversity? - Kansas State University The first part of the article deals with the European and, specifically, Croatian sociopolitical and cultural framework of inclusive pedagogy and presents its basic postulates. Finally, Hick revises his view: the monotheistic gods people experience are mental projections in response to the Real, and not real selves, but since religious people really do encounter great selves in religious experience, we should posit personal intermediaries between humans and the Real, with whom religious people interact. "Exploring the Impact of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion - LinkedIn [This entry examines the origins and differing patterns of development of the world's major religious traditions, as well as the varying patterns of interaction between these religions and the social, political, and economic frameworks with which they coexist. Subjectively, those other people have similar grounds for belief. Facts and Theories of Religious Diversity, Abe, Masao. For example, people have empirically disconfirmed claims that Jesus will visibly return to rule the earth from Jerusalem in 1974, or that magical ghost shirts will protect the wearer from bullets, or that saying a certain mantra three times will protect one from highway robbers. It is difficult to make a fully clear distinction between exclusivist and inclusivist approaches. Contrary to widespread depictions of religious blocs of uniform practices, values and concerns, it is essential to emphasize the plurality of . Though naive pluralisms are not common amongst scholars in relevant fields, they are important to mention because they are entertained by many people as they begin to reflect on religious diversity. However, he thought that it is arbitrary and indefensible to hold that only ones own experiences or the experiences of those in ones group are veridical, while those of people in other religions are not. What values are at issue? Religious and spiritual understanding and beliefs about medicine and healthcare may support or conflict with evidence-based medicine. A common form of negative pluralism may be called verificationist pluralism. This is the view that all religious claims are meaningless, and as a result are incapable of rational evaluation. Moreover, some influential modern Hindu leaders have adopted a complicated rhetoric of universal religion, which often assumes some sort of religious pluralism. By contrast, the Real in itself, that is, the Ultimate Reality as it intrinsically is, is never experienced by anyone, but is only hypothesized as overall the most reasonable explanation of the facts of religious diversity. Hinduism., de Cea, Abraham Vlez. In Mahayana Buddhism, the ultimate reality, a formless but active non-thing, is Emptiness, or the Truth Body (Dharmakaya). But it is very rare for a scholar to go beyond merely assuming or asserting some sort of causal connection between the various theories about religious diversity and the above virtues and vices. Characteristics of cultural diversity : Multiplicity of cultures Each worldview is the product of the individual development of a people.